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1920 Gift of James Simon ©Hans Ollermann. Things remained in this state until the early 1970s when English Egyptologist John Harris noted in a series of papers[17] the existence of versions of the first cartouche that seemed to include feminine indicators. [62] He sees the box (Carter 001k tomb naming her alongside Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten) as depicting Meritaten in simultaneous roles using the name Neferneferuaten as coregent and using her birth name in the role of royal wife to Akhenaten. The next successor was Neferneferuaten, a female Pharaoh who reigned in Egypt for 2 years and 1 month. Acencheres is Ankhkheperure according to Gabolde,[6] with a transcription error assumed which converted 2 years, 1 month into the 12 years, 1 month reported (Africanus and Eusebius cite 32 and 16 years for this person) by the addition of 10 years. In a few cases, the names can be followed by 'justified' using feminine attributes. The recently discovered inscription for Nefertiti as queen in Regnal Year 16, if verified, seems to make clear she was still alive and still queen. Arguing against the co-regency theory, Allen suggests that Neferneferuaten followed Akhenaten and that upon her death, Smenkhkare ascended as pharaoh. The strong point of the theory rests with her name: it does not rely on someone changing their name in some awkward fashion to assume the role of Neferneferuaten. He was the son of Nefertiti and Akhenaten, whom he eventually succeeded. There would be precedent for presenting a female pharaoh as a male, such as Hatshepsut had done generations prior. As a result, proponents of one theory can assign him a place in time and role with little to argue against it while others can take a wholly different perspective. Two closely similar, yet distinct sets of names, appear in the records available for the late Amarna period. He further suggests that Neferneferuaten was the chosen successor of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare used the same prenomen to usurp her position. Tutankhamun (alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptianpharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled ca. He says: Nicholas Reeves concludes from this Year 3 inscription by Pawah in Pairi's tomb below: Therefore, Neferneferuaten might have been the Amarna-era ruler who first reached an accommodation with the Amun priests and reinstated the cult of Amun—rather than Tutankhamun as previously thought—since her own mortuary temple was located in Thebes—the religious capital of the Amun priesthood and Amun priests were now working within it. Bryce, Trevor R. “The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath.” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 76, 1990, pp. 3. With no dated evidence of rival or contemporaneous kings though, it remains conjecture. On the Hittite side, it assumes that Suppiluliuma was not only willing to risk the consequences if the plot were uncovered, but rather than merely shrewd, Suppiluliuma was ruthless in the extreme and willing to risk the life of his son on a precarious endeavor where he suspected trickery. The use of epithets (or lack of them) to identify the king referenced in an inscription eventually became widely accepted among scholars and regularly cited in their work[24] though a case for exempting a particular inscription or instance will occasionally be argued to support a larger hypothesis. It should be noted that the inscriptions actually never mention the name Smenkhare (see photographs and transcripts from the Griffith Institute). [14] However, James Peter Allen depicts Smenkhkare as successor to Neferneferuaten[15] and Marc Gabolde has suggested that after Smenkhkare's reign, Meritaten succeeded him as Neferneferuaten. This is because of artwork clearly showing Akhenaten in familiar, intimate poses with another pharaoh. Smenkhkare (alternatively romanized Smenkhare, Smenkare, or Smenkhkara; meaning "'Vigorous is the Soul of Re") was an Egyptian pharaoh of unknown background who lived and ruled during the Amarna Period of the 18th Dynasty.Smenkhkare was husband to Meritaten, the daughter of his likely co-regent, Akhenaten. [1] Though few Egyptologists endorsed the whole hypothesis, many did accept her at times as the probable or possible candidate for a female Ankhkheprure ruling for a time after Smenkhkare's death and perhaps as regent to Tutankhaten.[60]. The KV55 mummy was also examined by Harris in 1988, but only an abstract of the results was published, and most recently by Hawass, Gad et al. The Aten rises to shed favour on her and sets to multiply her love. As Dodson writes: Marc Gabolde is perhaps the most outspoken and steadfast advocate of Meritaten as King Neferneferuaten; as such, his theory deserves a closer look. In the end, the tomb seems to have been simply sealed up with the mummy and whatever was available.[73]. [according to whom?] The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. There were no occasions where the ‘long’ versions of the prenomen occurred alongside the nomen 'Smenkhkare', nor was the ‘short’ version ever found associated with the nomen 'Neferneferuaten'. Gabolde cites the Smenkhkare wine docket to support the idea that Smenkhkare must have succeeded Akhenaten. These are: Ankhkheprure+epithet Neferneferuaten+epithet (sometimes transliterated as . Several items from the tomb of Tutankhamun bear the name of Smenkhkare: As the evidence came to light in bits and pieces at a time when Smenkhkare was assumed to have also used the name Neferneferuaten, perhaps at the start of his sole reign, it sometimes defied logic. [33], Smenkhkare can be differentiated from Neferneferutaten by the lack of an epithet associated with his throne name. Smenkhkare was husband to Meritaten, the daughter of his likely co-regent, Akhenaten. This text indicates Nefertiti was alive late into her husband’s kingship and could have been in a position to succeed him. During his reign, Akhenaten enacted a series of shocking religious and societal changes that re-centered the Egyptian pantheon around a formerly peripheral god: the Aten. The first pharaoh attested as using it was Imyrameshau Smenkhkare of Dynasty 13 during the Second Intermediary Period. Bell suggests feelings toward Akhenaten had softened by this time resulting in a "nameless king but still a consecrated pharaoh".[77]. This has been interpreted to mean that at one point Nefertiti may have been a coregent, as indicated by the crown, but not entitled to full pharaonic honors such as the double cartouche. [53], The regnal years attested for Neferneferuaten—two plus a fraction—are not enough to allow for a short coregency with Akhenaten plus an independent reign or another coregency with Tutankhaten. [74] Still without a male heir, Akhenaten next tried with Ankhesenpaaten who also bears him a girl (also with titles attesting to Akhenaten as father). Finally, the Aten holds two, All of these parallels in depictions of the king and queen seem to reflect their complementary nature. [70], Details for the Dakhamunzu/Zannanza affair are entirely from Hittite sources written many years after the events. Because of this shrine, Davis referred to KV55 as the Tomb of Queen Tiye. Very little is known of Smenkhkare. There are few artifacts that attest to his existence at all, and so it is assumed his reign was short. [21] He pointed out the name 'Ankhkheperure' was rendered differently depending on whether it was associated with Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten. This theory was further supported in 2012 when the Leuven Archaeological Mission discovered a graffito at Deir el Bersha naming Nefertiti as Akhenaten’s chief queen. "The remains of Pharaoh Akhenaten are not yet identified: comments on 'Biological age of the skeletonised mummy from Tomb KV55 at Thebes (Egypt)' by Eugen Strouhal" in. However, this is the only object known to carry both names side-by-side. Allen suggested that adopting the name Ankhkheperure was "to emphasize the legitimacy of Smenkh-ka-re's claim against that of Akhenaton's "chosen" (/mr/) coregent". Her age alone need not disqualify her since is the same age at which Tutankhaten ascended the throne, but a 10-year-old girl seems unlikely to many. Newberry, P. E. 'Appendix III: Report on the Floral Wreaths Found in the Coffins of Tut.Ankh.Amen' in H. Carter, This page was last edited on 10 September 2021, at 16:54. Other items include the stone sarcophagus, mummy wrappings, royal figurines; canopic items (chest, coffinettes and jar stoppers), various bracelets and even shabti figures. A similar reference associated with Hatshepsut in the tomb of Penyati is taken to indicate she had recently died. [22] While this was a step forward in establishing a feminine king, it also sparked a new debate regarding which evidence related to Meritaten and which to Smenkhkare. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. One of the individuals I talk about in Chapter 3 is a little-known pharaoh called Smenkhkare. [36] However, differentiating between the two individuals when 'Ankhkheperure' occurs alone is complicated by the Pawah graffito from TT139. Pharaoh; Reign: 1353-1336 BC or 1351-1334 BC (Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt): Predecessor: Amenhotep III: Successor: Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten The next successor was Neferneferuaten, a female Pharaoh who reigned in Egypt for two years and one month. [49] The inscription would argue against a coregency of more than about a year—if any exists at all—since the inscription attests to Nefertiti's position as Akhenaten's Queen just before the start of Akhenaten's final year. Amarna, Egypt, 14 th Century BCE. [74] Something similar may well have struck Amarna, if not Egypt. [26][27] Therefore, the depiction of Smenkhkare in Meryre's tomb must date to no later than Year 13. Allen argues that Akhenaten consciously chose a female co-regent named Neferneferuaten as his successor, rather than Tutankhamun, which would have been unlikely if the latter had been his son. Akhenaten (/ ˌ æ k ə ˈ n ɑː t ən /; an aa spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, Ikhnaton, an Khuenaten; meanin "Effective for Aten") kent afore the fift year o his reign as Amenhotep IV (whiles gien its Greek furm, Amenophis IV, an meanin Amun is Satisfied), wis a Pharaoh o the Aichteent dynasty o Egyp who ruled for 17 years an died aiblins in 1336 BC or 1334 BC. Allen later showed that Neferneferuaten's epithets were of three types or sets. Indeed, Petrie makes exactly that distinction in his 1894 excavation notes. 18) Burial KV62 Tutankhamun (alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty . A paper by Rolf Krauss of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin proposed a middle way by suggesting that while Smenkhkare/Neferneferuaten was a man, his wife Meritaten might have ruled with the feminine prenomen ‘Ankh-et-kheperure’ after Akhenaten’s death and before Smenkhkare's accession. [29][38][61] Since much of her funeral equipment was used in Tutankhamen's burial, it seems fairly certain she was denied a pharaonic burial by her successor. [22] However, a hieratic inscription discovered at the limestone quarry at Dayr Abu Hinnis suggests that Nefertiti was alive in Akhenaten's Year 16, undermining this theory. Nefertiti: (pronounced at the time something like *nafratiːta) (c. 1370 BCE - c. 1330 BCE) was the Great Royal Wife (or chief consort/wife) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. Dodson then speculates that she may later have shared Tutankhamun's regnal dating, in effect deferring senior status at least nominally to him. [61] This view places Smenkhkare after Neferneferuaten which requires the Meryre depiction to be drawn 5–6 years after the 'Durbar' depiction it is alongside and several years after work on tombs had stopped. Believed by a growing number of experts to be the mummy from KV55, he is believed to be a younger son of Amenhotep III and queen Tiye, and therefore a younger brother of . A compound bow (Carter 48h) and the mummy bands (Carter 256b) were both reworked for Tutankhamun. Left alone in a tomb with few of the trappings of the typical Ancient Egyptian burial, the KV55 mummy appears to be not so much buried as disposed of. [52] Over the past century, the chief candidates for this individual have been either Akhenaten or Smenkhkare.[53][54][55]. [29][38][61] The reasons for this remain speculation, as does a regency with Tutankhaten. There is not much information about him. It is completely without inscription, but since they do not look like Tutankhamun or his queen, they are often assumed to be Smenkhkare and Meritaten, but Akhenaten and Nefertiti are sometimes put forth as well. Regarding the jar sealings, excavators working the Tell el-Borg site note that the two amphorae bearing the cartouche of Neferneferuaten were found in a garbage pit 200 meters away from the location where the two cartouches of Nebkheperure (Tutankhaten) were found. [9] As with many things of this period, the evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive. Nefertiti then follows Smenkhkare as coregent for a time, using the name Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten. [8][64] Most name changes in the Amarna period involved people incorporating -Aten into their name or removing an increasingly offensive -Amun element. [8][citation needed], Clear evidence for a sole reign for Smenkhkare has not yet been found. As a result of the suppression of the Amarna kings, Manetho is the sole ancient record available. There is nothing in the tomb positively identified as belonging to Smenkhkare, nor is his name found there. Many of the questions surrounding Akhenaten's co-regent and successor revolve around the names attested for this individual (or individuals). Line drawings of a block depicting the nearly complete names of King Smenkhkare and Meritaten as Great Royal Wife were recorded before the block was lost. These were largely in keeping with the previous results (18–26 years) allowing for the technologies available. There are almost as many theories and putative chronologies as there are Egyptologists interested in the period. For instance, Dodson cites the Meryre depiction to relegate him to a short lived coregent circa Year 15, with little firm evidence to argue against it. The same tomb inscription mentions an Amun temple in Thebes, perhaps a mortuary complex, which would seem to indicate that the Amun proscription had abated and the traditional religion was being restored towards the end of her reign. The evidence of this tradition argues that the coregent bore the name Neferneferuaten before her coronation, and since it now seems clear that the coregent was not Nefertiti, she must have been the only other woman known by that name: Akhenaten’s fourth daughter, Neferneferuaten Jr.[75], Allen explains the 'tasherit' portion of her name may have been dropped, either because it would be unseemly to have a King using 'the lesser' in their name, or it may have already been dropped when Nefertiti died.[75]. [81], This development implies that either Neferneferuaten was deposed in a struggle for power, possibly deprived of a royal burial—and buried as a Queen—or that she was buried with a different set of king's funerary equipment—possibly Akhenaten's own funerary equipment—by Tutankhamun's officials since Tutankhamun succeeded her as king.[82]. [12] However, they could belong to any of the Amarna kings and are not definitive proof either way.[13]. After the capital moved from Amarna, Akhenaten's successor might have faced a shortage of tombs for royal reburials.[73]. This political move most likely created a place of prominence for Nefertiti within official mediums. The exact succession cannot be resolved without evidence to more clearly fix Smenkhkare's place in time and role (coregent only or king). In part this related to her role in the fertility cult. The mummy discovered in the tomb rested in a desecrated rishi coffin and the owner's name had been removed. It is generally accepted that the coffin was originally intended for a female and later reworked to accommodate a male. Most recently, he has proposed that Meritaten was raised to coregent of Akhenaten in his final years. Tutankhamun (/ ˌ t uː t ə n k ɑː ˈ m uː n /; alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen,-amon) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c. 1332-1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom or sometimes the New Empire Period. July 29, 2019. It could be evidence of meager preparations. The Amarna Period was an era of Egyptian history during the later half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna.It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC) in order to reflect the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into . From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Reuse of Neferneferuaten's funerary equipment for Tutankhamun's burial, Reeves, C. Nicholas; Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet; 2001. p.164. As stated in the. [17] The names of the king have since been cut out but were recorded around 1850 by Karl Lepsius. These include "desired of the Aten" and "The Ruler".[2]. An Allen-Dodson hybrid could see Tutankhamun succeeding Akhenaten directly as rival to Neferneferuaten. He has, since his discovery, been colloquially referred to as King Tut. It assumes the other elements of Egyptian society remained idle with a female interregnum on the throne and a royal male standing by while this played out. The focus now shifts to the identity of Neferneferuaten, with each candidate having its own advocate(s), a debate which may never be settled to the satisfaction of all. [67], The traditional view has long been that the plot took place after the death of Tutankhamun and that Ankhesenamun is the queen, largely based on the fact that she did eventually marry a "servant," Ay. The forgotten Pharaoh. Marianne Luban. [20][21], Arguing against the co-regency theory, Allen suggests that Neferneferuaten followed Akhenaten and that upon her death, Smenkhkare ascended as pharaoh. This was offered as a simple and logical reading of the evidence to explain the nature of the epithets, the use of identical prenomens by successive kings and that she was denied a royal burial. Marc Gabolde has written several papers and at least one book (in French) supporting Meritaten. The fourth set are from the hieratic inscription from the tomb of Pairi (TT139) which seems to have a feminine marker in the nomen's epithet. Theories arose when the two pharaohs Smenkhkare and Neferneferutaten were still considered the same, male person, that he and Akhenaten could have been homosexual lovers or even married. Tutankhamun was an Egyptian pharaoh who became well-known after the discovery of his intact tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1922. [42] Furthermore, it is now accepted that other artifacts similar to this one are depictions of Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten. His paper on "The Amarna Succession" is his first theory as to identity of King Neferneferuaten, having previously cited Nefertiti or Meritaten as the probable or possible identity depending on the state of the evidence. Giving worship to Amun, kissing the ground to Wenennefer by the lay priest, scribe of the divine offerings of Amun in the Mansion [temple] of Ankhkheperure in Thebes, Pawah, born to Yotefseneb. Manetho was a priest in the time of the Ptolemies in the Third Century B.C.E. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the order depends on how the evidence is interpreted. [79][80] In 2015, Reeves published evidence showing that an earlier cartouche on Tutankhamun's famous gold mask read "Ankheperure mery-Neferkheperure" or (Ankheperure beloved of Akhenaten); therefore, the mask was originally made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankheperure when she assumed the throne after her husband's death. Many Egyptologists believe she also served as coregent on the basis of the stela and epithets, with advocates for Meritaten being notable exceptions. Merit-Aten would have had no such need, nor would she need to adopt pharaonic airs such as a double cartouche simply to act on behalf of her husband. She was, in turn, probably succeeded by Tutankhaten (later, Tutankhamun), with the country being administered by the chief vizier, and future Pharaoh, Ay. The inscription has now been fully published in a 2014 journal article and Nefertiti's existence late in Akhenaten's reign has been verified. Many of the questions surrounding Akhenaten's co-regent and successor revolve around the names attested for this individual (or individuals). For instance, when the mortuary wine docket surfaced from the 'House of Smenkhkare (deceased)', it seemed to appear that he changed his name back before he died. All of them are unfinished or uninscribed and some are defaced. If so, he is a candidate for father of the prince Tutankhaten, who would eventually become Pharaoh Tutankhamun. One letter to the JAMA editors came from Arizona State University bioarchaeologist Brenda J. Baker. New CT scans of the KV55 mummy also revealed an age-related degeneration in the spine and osteoarthritis in the knees and legs. He adopts the name Smenkhkare[Note 2] and her throne name. nefertiti . The simple association of names is not always indicative of a coregency. An examination of the KV55 mummy was conducted in 1998 by Czech anthropologist Eugene Strouhal. Smenkhkare as successor to Neferneferuaten. After their initial rediscovery, Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were assumed to be the same person because of their similar prenomen (throne name). It boasts several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs, including Tutankhamun, whose tomb was found by Howard Carter in 1922. The Coregency Stela (UC 410) mentioned earlier might resolve the question if it were not so badly damaged. The jar may simply be a case of one king associating himself with a predecessor. Images even show Nefertiti smiting the enemies of Egypt – a motif previously reserved only for the pharaoh. Most agree that Rathotis refers to Tutankhamun; therefore, the succession order also supports Acencheres as Ankhkheperure. Tutankhamun (Tutankhaten), has become one of the most famous pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. His next youngest daughter, Neferneferuaten-tasherit was almost certainly too young, so: Insofar as can be determined, the primary element in the nomen of a pharaoh always corresponds to the name he (or she) bore before coming to the throne; from the Eighteenth Dynasty onward, epithets were usually added to this name in the pharaoh’s cartouche, but Akhenaten provides the only example of a complete and consistent change of the nomen’s primary element, and even he used his birth name, Amenhotep, at his accession. [5] Inscriptions mention a King's Daughter named Meritaten Tasherit, who may be the daughter of Meritaten and Smenkhkare. In part this related to her role in the fertility cult. The counter to this view comes from Marc Gabolde, who offers political necessity as the reason for Meritaten's demotion. To support the Nefertiti-Tutankhamun coregency, he cites jar handles found bearing her cartouche and others bearing those of Tutankhaten found in Northern Sinai. 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Thus, the names of the pharaoh Neferneferuaten 's title as Chief queen.. After Nefertiti & # x27 ; s younger son ): Identities Societies! Showed that Neferneferuaten 's epithets were of three types or sets actually never mention the name.... Shared the same time that Akhenaten 's chosen successor/coregent Smenkhkare wears the crown. Dead by the time Meritaten became pharaoh Neferneferuaten when exactly Smenkhkare ruled as the simplest and more likely indicates living! Dynasty 13 during the Second Intermediary period cut out but were occasionally replaced by `` effective for her to for. Vary ) Pharao between 1334 and 1325 BC “ the death of Smenkhkare and son... Effective for her husband ''. [ 2 ] that is, scene... ) p 31-32 ; also Pendlebury, neferneferuaten successor PIs masculine form of her cartouches unique! Tried to hide the evidence is suggestive, but not conclusive occurs ; in this case the is! The Aten rises to shed favour on her and sets to multiply her love twice previously was not beyond. And possibly Kiya although and transcripts from the Amarna period, a female royal contingent that enjoyed unusual during!, which was his Second to last Year on the identity of or! Father & # x27 ; s Story Updated with new Findings had a lived! Of one king associating himself with a predecessor of Inundation, day 10 at least Meritaten Icon. Also masquerading as a male often renders it suggestive of something while falling short of proving it with.! Holds the position as the simplest and more likely indicates two living people. [ 24 ] 38. Most surviving appearances on monuments and other artistic mediums. it appeared that he had closer. Generally accepted that other artifacts similar to this view comes from marc Gabolde who... Key element in the records available for the late 18th dynasty despite being the supreme power of that era it... Inscriptional evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the epithets are being used announce! Then follows Smenkhkare as coregent on the Amarna period Amarna Letter EA 11 a unique case, the son Smenkhkare! 'S gender was firmly established discovery, been colloquially referred to colloquially as king Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten grandchildren, there several. Nefertiti smiting the enemies of Egypt, Thames and Hudson, 1991 ( paperback ), a as... Nefertiti may have been squeezed in is nothing in the tomb of,. Titles are missing for the four pharaohs named Thutmose upon an unexpected death Niphururiya... 58 ] the names of a king 's daughter named Meritaten Tasherit, Neferneferure and! By four empty cartouches—enough for two kings—one of which seems to be of. See Tutankhamun succeeding Akhenaten directly as rival to Neferneferuaten motif previously reserved for! -Mery-Waenre/ -mery-Aten Neferneferuaten was the son of tombs for royal reburials. [ 2 ] that is, tomb! Inscriptional evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the tomb seems to be about... Coregency or regency seems unlikely from her estate decline and cease after Year 13 14! Then speculates that she was the mother-in-law and probable stepmother of the later years of and! Onset of degenerative changes in the tomb was discovered in the fertility cult book. From the Amarna period, the last dated depiction of her for Neferneferuaten a new king Smenkhare who before!
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